After a year of research and writing, the comprehensive roof inspection certification courses are about to begin shooting.
InterNACHI and NACH TV have partnered to produce seven major roofing courses:
WIND & HAIL
This course is designed to teach home inspectors to perform onsite inspections for the insurance industry. InterNACHI has partnered and is working out the details with major insurance companies.
ROOF DEFECT RECOGNITION
This course is designed to teach inspectors how to inspect the five major steep slope roofing materials.
Asphalt composition shingles
Wood shingles and shakes
Concrete and clay tiles
Metal roofs
Slate roofs
Successful completion of these two courses will qualify the student as an InterNACHI-certified Roof Inspector.
We will also be producing individual courses on each of these five roof-covering materials which will each include wind and hail damage. Successful completion of all five courses will also qualify the student as an InterNACHI-certified Roof Inspector.
In adddition to video, we are working with a library of almost 7000 high-quality still photographs, most taken specifically for this course.
No other roof courses of this quality are available anywhere.
Here are the rough Tables of Contents for both main courses taken directly from the scripts
InterNACHI
WIIND & HAIL DAMAGE RECOGNITION
Hail Damage: Where and When?
DEFINING HAIL DAMAGE
- Functional Damage
- Cosmetic issues
HAIL DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
PROPERTIES of HAIL
• Size
• Density
• Velocity
• Shape
• Directionality
• Angle of Impact
IMPACT ENERGY
• Size
• Density
• Free-fall velocity
PROPERTIES of ROOFING MATERIALS
• The type of roof-covering material
• Roofing material condition
• The nature of the substrate
• The part of the roofing material hit
• The temperature of the roofing material
HAIL RESISTANCE of ASPHALT SHINGLES
HAIL DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS of ASPHALT SHINGLES
· Hailstrike description
· Hail damage VS blisters
· Granule damage
· Asphalt
· Mat
· Roofing material condition
HAIL DAMAGE VS BLISTERS
GRANULES PROTECT from… 15
· Heat
· Abrasion
· UV
DAMAGE to the GRANULE LAYER 16
· Shingle properties
· Hailstone properties
· Wind-driven hail
· Roof slope orientation
ASPHALT
· Asphalt composition
· Exposed asphalt
· Fracture of the asphalt layer
EXPOSED ASPHALT 17
· Lack of studies
· Deteriorating forces
· Amount of asphalt exposed
· Varying intensity of deteriorating forces
HAIL DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS (cont.) 19
· Part of the roofing material hit
· Temperature
· Nature of the Substrate
MATERIAL PROPERTIES 20
· Hardness
· Flexibility
· Support
· Surface orientation
FORENSICS OF HAIL DAMAGE 21
· Spatter
· Source of damage
· Damage distribution
· Age of Damage
SOURCE OF DAMAGE
DAMAGE DISTRIBUTION
· Roof and collateral damage
· Directionality
· Random fall pattern
· Variation in damage size
AGE OF DAMAGE
INTENTIONAL DAMAGE to ASPHALT SHINGLES 23
· Patterns of damage
· Strike examination
BALL PEEN HAMMER 25
BALL PEEN DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS
· Exaggerated depth compared to hail.
· Uniform depth and diameter
· Possible crushed granules
Claw hammer
Coins
NON-HAIL DAMAGE 26
· Mechanical damage
· Environmental damage
· Manufacturing defects
MECHANICAL DAMAGE
· Tool damage
· Misc equipment
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE 27
· Tree damage
· Moisture
· Ice dams
MANUFACTURING DEFECTS 29
· Spliced shingles
· Repeating defects
· Recognizable patterns
WEAR & TEAR 30
· Footfall
· Weathering
· Generic damage
ASPHALT SHINGLE: REPAIRS VS REPLACE 32
HAIL DAMAGE to WOOD SHAKE and SHINGLE ROOFS
Damage Definition
o Damage which exposes a fastener
o Damage which exposes underlayment
o Damage which shortens sidelaps joints to less than 1.5 inches
o An impact-caused fresh split or puncture
WALKING WOOD ROOFS 34
DOCUMENTING the SUBSTRATE
HAIL DAMAGE to TILE ROOFS
· Hail
· Footfall
· Shrinkage
· Installation
· Spalling
WALKING TILE ROOFS 35
HAIL DAMAGE to SLATE ROOFS 36
HAIL DAMAGE to METAL ROOFS 37
HAIL MYTHS
· Granule loss
· Thermal shock
· Vibration loosens fasteners
· Wood splits are always hail damage
· Wood roofs can’t be repaired
· Neighboring damage
WIND DAMAGE RECOGNITION 38
SCOPE of the WIND SECTION
VARIABLES AFFECTING WIND DAMAGE 39
Wind speed
Pattern of acceleration
Air density
Roof shape and slope
Roof height
Building orientation to prevailing winds
WHAT CAUSES WIND?
Differences in atmospheric pressure
Hurricanes
Mountains
Local storms
Hurricanes 40
Category One – Winds 74-95 miles per hour
Category Two – Winds 96-110 miles per hour
Category Three – Winds 111-130 miles per hour
Category Four – Winds 131-155 miles per hour
Category Five – Winds greater than 155 miles per hour
Tornados
F0 65–85 mph (53.5% of all tornados)
F1 86–110 mph (31.6% of all tornados)
F2 111–135 mph (10.7% of all tornados)
F3 136–165 mph (3.4% of all tornados)
F4 166–200 mph (0.7% of all tornados)
F5 >200 mph (Less than 0.1% of all tornados)
FACTORS AFFECTING WIND SPEED 41
Exposure Category
Height above the ground
Wind speed
Wind speed VS wind load
HOW WIND CREATES DAMAGE 42
Uplift
Damage location
Positive pressure
Inflation
Missiles
WIND DAMAGE CHARACTERISTICS 45
Direct and indirect damage
Determining wind direction
Material condition
Building characteristics
Mitigation factors
MITIGATION FACTORS 46
Roof type
Roof-covering material type
Air density
Wind acceleration patterns
PERFORMING a WIND DAMAGE INSPECTION 47
Confirming claimed damage
Inspecting elevations
Recognizing wind damage
LOOKING for WIND DAMAGE
Roofing on the ground
Siding and trim damage
Roof edges
Determine wind direction
WIND DAMAGE to ASPHALT SHINGLES 48
· Wind resistance standards
WIND DAMAGE to ASPHALT SHINGLES
Adhesive strips
Creased or broken tabs
Debris
Transfer
Affects of aging
WIND DAMAGE to ASPHALT SHINGLES 50
Shingle blow-off
Fasteners
Type and installation
Placement
INDIVIDUAL SHINGLE REPLACEMENT 52
WOOD ROOFS
Cap shingles
Fasteners
Loss of resistance
TILE ROOFS 53
SLATE ROOFS 54
Fasteners
Chattering
METAL ROOFS 54
Metal panels
Metal shingles
INSPECTING for HAIL DAMAGE 55
GROUND LEVEL INSPECTION
Collateral damage
IDENTIFYING ELEVATION DAMAGE
· Wall exteriors
· Other structures
· Free-standing components
· All materials
IDENTIFYING ELEVATION DAMAGE cont.
· Gutters
· Downspouts
· Windows and doors
· Siding
· Aluminum
· Vinyl
· Wood
· Fencing
· Painted surfaces
· Air-conditioner housings
· Metal electrical panels
· Personal property
· Window well covers
DOCUMENTING ELEVATION DAMAGE 60
PHOTOGRAPHING ELEVATION DAMAGE
· Establishing and closeup shots
· Use chalk to accentuate damage
· Air-conditioning units
· No damage
ACCESSING the ROOF
INSPECTION SAFETY
· Roof Safety Evaluation
· Gaining Access to the Roof
· Walking the roof
ROOF SAFETY EVALUATION 62
· Risk tolerance
· Roof Pitch
· Exposure
· Roof-covering Materials
· Personal equipment
GAINING ACCESS TO THE ROOF 64
· Window
· Ladder
· Valley access
INSPECTING the ROOF 65
· Roof & shingles gauges
· Number and type of layers
· General evaluation
· Ridge vent
· Test squares
· Test square location
· Marking the test square
LABELING DAMAGE 67
PHOTOGRAPHING the ROOF 68
· Roof overview
· Individual slope overview
· Slope damage
· Test square
· Damage within the test square
· Specific conditions
INTERIOR DAMAGE 69
Documenting damage
Intrusion pathway
Drywall
Insulation
Carpet
CALCULATING ROOF AREA 71
FORMULAS for CALCULATING AREA
CALCULATING INDIVIDUAL and TOTAL ROOF AREAS 77
ROOF AREA CALCULATION METHODS
Direct measurement
Factor method
InterNACHI
STEEP-SLOPE
ROOF EVALUATION
ROOF STYLES 2
ROOF FRAMING
ROOF FRAMING MEMBER IDENTIFICATION 4
Conventional roofs
Truss roofs
ATTIC AREA ROOF INSPECTION 10
Look for daylight
Check roof penetrations
Poor connections / improper fasteners.
ATTIC AREA ROOF INSPECTION cont. 12
Damaged framing
Inadequate fastening methods
Blocked ventilation
H-clips
EVALUATING ROOF FRAMING 13
Regional differences
Changing standards and practices
Varying quality of work
ROOF INSPECTION METHODS 13
Walking the roof
Alternative methods
SECTION QUIZ pg. 15
MOISTURE PROBLEMS 15
Material damage
Human health
Comfort levels
FORMS of MOISTURE 16
Liquid
Solid
Gas
MOISTURE MOVEMENT 17
Gravity
Thermal gradient
Pressure gradient
Concentration gradient
UNDERLAYMENT 19
The PURPOSES OF UNDERLAYMENT 19
Moisture barrier
Temporary protection
Preventing chemical degradation
PROPERTIES of UNDERLAYMENT 19
Permeability
Self-sealing
Self-adhering
Heat resistance
Fire resistance
TYPES of UNDERLAYMENT 22
Asphalt-saturated underlayment
Fiberglass-reinforced asphalt
Modified bitumen
TYPES of UNDERLAYMENT (cont.) 23
Rubber
Non-bitumen synthetics
Ice barriers
FACTORS AFFECTING UNDERLAYMENT 25
Climate Types
Roof condition
Roof pitch
Roof design
Roof-covering material
Builder’s budget
SECTION QUIZ pg. 26
FLASHING 26
IRC Requirements
Wall/ roof intersections
Changes in roof slope or direction
Roof penetrations
CHIMNEY INSPECTION 37
Height
Cricket
Exterior
Cap
Spark arrester
Flue
SECTION QUIZ pg. 40
ASPHALT COMPOSITION SHINGLES 40
PERFORMANCE STANDARDS 41
ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials)
UL (Underwriter’s Laboratory)
CSA (Canadian Standards Association)
TESTING 41
Tear strength
Nail-pull resistance
Fire rating
Hail damage
WARRANTY 45
Manufacturer’s warranty
Manufacturing process
Contractor’s warranty
Installation and workmanship
MANUFACTURER’S WARRANTIES 46
Wind warranty is separate and shorter
May not cover shingles before adhesive strips bond
May not include labor
May require certified installers and manufacturer’s materials
May be void immediately due to poor installation
TYPES of ASPHALT SHINGLES 48
Strip shingles
Laminated (architectural/dimensional) shingles
T-lock shingles
Calculating and packaging shingles
FIELD-CHECKING SHINGLE THICKNESS 50
SHINGLE MANUFACTURE
Mat
Asphalt
Backsurfacing
Granules
Adhesive strip
Cellophane strip
SHINGLE MANUFACTURE 51
Mat
Asphalt
Backsurfacing
Granules
Adhesive strip
Cellophane strip
ORGANIC AND FIBERGLASS SHINGLES 54
PROBLEMS with ASPHALT SHINGLES 56
DAMAGE DEFINITION 56
Functional damage
Diminishes water-shedding ability
Shortens long-term service life
Cosmetic damage
Visual problems
Marring
SECTION QUIZ pg. 56
LONG-TERM SERVICE LIFE 57
Shingle quality
Installation methods
Number of layers
Orientation
Directional orientation
LONG-TERM SERVICE LIFE cont. 58
Roof Design
Climate zone
Thermal cycling
Moisture
LONG-TERM SERVICE LIFE cont. 59
Roof structure ventilation
Roof color
Homesite conditions
Elevation
Quality of maintenance
SOURCES of DAMAGE 60
- Installation
- Weathering
- Manufacturing defects
- Environmental damage
- Mechanical damage
- Building design
SECTION QUIZ pg. 61
- Installation 61
Building code
Underlayment
Shingles
UNDERLAYMENT INSTALLATION 65
Roof Slope Limitations
Steep Slope Roofs
Low-slope Roofs
Combination installations
Inspecting Underlayment
ASPHALT SHINGLE INSTALLATION 67
ROOF SLOPE LIMITATIONS- SHINGLES
Less than 2&12- NO
Between 2&12 and 4&12- Special underlayment requirements
4&12 & greater- OK
21&12- hand-seal
INSTALLATION METHODS, 68
Starter strip
First course
Overhang
Exposure
Offset
Valleys
RACKING 69
Potential problems
Poor joint alignment
Reduced wind resistance
Stress cracks
Poor color blends
FASTENERS 70
Fastener type
Fastener installation
Fastener placement
Holding power of the substrate
RE-ROOFING OVER EXISTING SHINGLES 75
More than two layers
Bridging and Nesting
Heavier roofing material
HAND-SEALING SHINGLES 78
Inadequate sealing
Rake edges
Valleys
After inspections
Defective adhesive strips
SECTION QUIZ pg. 79
- WEATHERING 79
ASPHALT SHINGLE DETERIORATION 80
Shingle Life Cycle
Starts with packaging
Accelerates after installation
Slows after initial curing
Long, slow deterioration
MOISTURE and SHINGLES 82
Forms of moisture
Effects of moisture
The ASPHALT LAYER 84
Volatility
Drying and shrinking
Granule bond
Asphalt cracking
Increased brittleness
Ductility
Transition temperature
SHINGLE WEATHERING 87
New roofs
Uniform loss
Slope Orientation
Batch problems
Foot traffic
SHINGLE WEATHERING cont. 89
Craze cracking
Flaking and delamination
SECTION QUIZ pg. 90
- MANUFACTURING DEFECTS 90
Types of Manufacturing Defects
Localized granule loss
Blisters
Spliced shingles
Spot defects
IMPROPER STORAGE 92
Staining
Bundle distortion
Sticking
-
ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE 92
Hail
Wind
Abrasion
Microbial growth -
MECHANICAL DAMAGE 93
Tool damage
Impact
Abrasion
Marring
MECHANICAL DAMAGE cont. 95
Substrates
SUBSTRATE MOVEMENT 97
Roof structure assemblies
Differential expansion/contraction
Shingle splitting
Shingle buckling
SECTION QUIZ pg. 100
- BUILDING DESIGN 100
Proper Roof Drainage
Attic Ventilation
Roof temperatures
Cools the roof
Helps prevents moisture problems
Lowers cooling bills
ATTIC VENTILATION 102
COOLING SEASON
Keeping shingles cool
Reducing thermal cycling
Reducing home heating costs
HEATING SEASON
Moisture problems
Ice dams
ATTIC VENTILATION STRATEGIES 106
PASSIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS 104
ACTIVE VENTILATION SYSTEMS 106
DRAINAGE SYSTEMS 110
Valleys
Gutters
Downspouts
Scuppers
Roof drains
COSMETIC ISSUES 114
GRANULE-RELATED PROBLEMS
MANUFACTURING VARIATIONS
BIOLOGICAL GROWTH
ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES 115
SECTION QUIZ pg. 119
INSPECTING ASPHALT SHINGLES 119
Walking the perimeter
Walking the roof
Determining the age of damage
ROLL ROOFING 121
Underlayment requirements
Installation requirements
Roll Roofing Requirements
WOOD SHAKES and SHINGLES 122
SHAKE AND SHINGLE TYPES 124
Shakes
Shingles
Shake and Shingle Grading
SHAKE AND SHINGLE GRAIN EXPOSURE 125
Edgegrain
Flatgrain
Slashgrain
WOOD ROOF INSTALLATION 127
UNDERLAYMENT/INTERLAYMENT 128
Underlayment
Interlayment
FIELD INSTALLATION 130
Joint spacing
Shakes
Shingles
Sidelaps
Vertical joint alignment
Shingle width
Sidewalls
FASTENERS 132
Fastener types
Fastener schedules
Fastener-related Defects
WOOD ROOFS PROBLEMS 133
Weathering
UV radiation
Thermal cycling
Moisture cycling
Moisture erosion
Decay
COMMON WOOD ROOFS CONDITIONS (Cont.) 134
Rates of weathering
Distortion
Splitting
MECHANICAL DAMAGE 1356
Workmen
Chemical
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS 137
Biological surface growth
Decay
Identification
Causes
WOOD ROOF MAINTENANCE 138
CAP SHAKES AND SHINGLES
WOOD ROOF REPAIR METHODS
END of USEFUL LIFE 139
TILES ROOFS 139
TYPES of TILES
Materials
Profiles
TILE INSTALLATION 140
CONCRETE TILES 141
CONCRETE TILE INSTALLATION
Underlayment
Tile installation
CLAY TILE MANUFACTURING 142
Clay tiles
Vitrification
Porosity
CLAY TILE INSTALLATION 145
FIBER-CEMENT TILES
INSPECTING TILE
Walking tiles
Tile Forensics 146
Recognizing failure
End of useful life
Natural VS accelerated failure
Cracking
System failure VS localized failure
METAL ROOFS 148
STRUCTURAL and ARCHITECTURAL METAL ROOFING
Energy state of metals
CORROSION 149
Galvanic
Crevice
Filiform
METALS used for ROOFING 151
Naturally-weathering
Metal coated
Protective coated
NATURALLY-WEATHERING
Copper
Aluminum
Others
COATED STEEL 153
Barrier coatings
Galvanized coatings
Types of paint
GALVANIZED COATINGS 155
PROTECTIVE PROPERTIES 157
SURFACE DEFECTS
INSTALLATION 158
Steep Slope-Low Slope
Roof Sheathing
Underlayment
Fastening Methods
Types of Seams
Common mistakes
WALKING METAL ROOFS 161
SLATE ROOFS 162
Slate identification
Slate grades
Artificial slate
PROPERTIES OF SLATE 163
Quarry location
Color
Ribbon slates
Density
Slate lifespan
SLATE ROOF TYPES 164
Standard
Textural
Intermingled
Heavy
Graduated
MANUFACTURING VARIATIONS 165
Length
Width
Staggered butts
Cut butts
INSPECTING SLATE
Walking slate tile
Contractor or roof consultant?
SLATE DURABILITY 167
Weathering
Mineral impurities
Efflorescence
Delamination
Contributing factors
Fabrication
Installation
Maintenance
INSTALLATION 169
Slope limitations
Substrate
Underlayment
Starter course
INSTALLATION cont. 171
Fastening
Sidelaps
Exposure
Gable slates
INSTALLATION (cont.) 172
Valleys
Hips
Finishing course
Flashing
SLATE MAINTENANCE 176
Contractor qualifications
Repairs
Slate breaking at the eves
Leaks
Gutters
Cleaning slate
MISCELLANEOUS SLATE PROBLEMS 177
Leaks
Insects
Chattering
SLATE ROOF DESIGN 178
SNOW GUARDS
GENERAL INSPECTION RECOMMENDATIONS 179
PESTS
Insects
Raccoons
Squirrels
Bats
Birds
PHOTOGRAPHY 181